SOME VENEZUELAN EXPERIENCES
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Lufkin Foundry and Machine Co.
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In June, 1939, I was loaned to the Caribbean
Petroleum Company, Shell affiliate, for some special
work in connection with oil field equipment in the
Lake Maracaibo region of Venezuela. In my seven
months' stay in South America, I had time to make
many interesting observations, some of the most
vivid of which I have attempted to recall in the
following article. Lake Maracaibo, located in
the northeastern section of Venezuela, is some 120
miles long by 60 miles wide at its widest point.
Open to the Caribbean through a narrow channel at
its northern end, and with shifting sand bars at its
outlet, the water is brackish in the upper portion.
The numerous rivers emptying into the lower half
discharge such a tremendous quantity of water during
the rainy seasons that its level will actually rise
during these periods. The fishing is reported as
excellent and is one of main week-end recreations of
the foreign (white) oil company employees. Water
temperature is 80-85 degrees F. Because it is
impossible for ships of more than 12 feet draft to
cross the bars, even at high tide, only small or
lightly-loaded ocean-going freighters are ever seen
on the Maracaibo waterfront, The specially-built
tankers of 11 feet draft, which carry crude from the
various fields to the immense refineries on the
Dutch West Indian islands of Aruba and Curaçao, line
up in single file to ride the high tides over the
bars. Many native craft, almost exclusively
sailboats, from small fishing boats to larger
freight schooners and passenger boats, ply the
lake's surface; and each week-end there is a
Star-boat race between sailing enthusiasts among the
oil companies' foreign staffs.
The city of Maracaibo, of some 110,000
population, is situated on the western shore at the
northern end of the lake, and ranges from the dirt
and smells of the typical tropical port to the
attractiveestates of wealthy upper-class Venezuelans
and the well-landscaped grounds of the oil
companyoffices and camps. The surrounding country is
desert-like, with relatively little rainfall, and
thorn trees and cactus are virtually the only
natural foliage. The thorn tree foliage begins about
4½ feet above the ground and appears to have been
clipped. This is the "goat line," or the maximum
reach of a goat standing on his hind legs. Goats,
with a few burros, are virtually the only domestic
animals which can forage this area successfully.
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TRAFFIC PROBLEMS
Except in the Bella Vista section, the
location of the newest and better residences and the
oil company camps, the majority of Maracaibo's
streets are dirty and very narrow, with most of them
for one-way traffic only. Driving, for a foreigner,
is a gamble, since the streets are full of cars,
mostly in taxi service, which are driven any place
in the street which the driver may happen to
fancy-either side or the middle. The average native
driver appears to handle his car like a new toy, and
the more horns the better. All electric horns are
taboo in town, and by accepted convention the
right-of-way belongs to the driver who toots first.
Consequently, all drivers honk continuously, and the
bedlam of rubber bulb horns, many of them asthmatic,
is terrific. The traffic situation has been
complicated recently by the digging of miles of
ditch for new water mains - Maracaibo's first -
which are left open for weeks, unprotected.
There are almost no street signs or house
numbers. Many of the houses are painted in bright
colors, most have plastered exteriors, and many have
fanciful names posted over their doors. All windows
are barred, with solid inside shutters, and almost
none have screens. Window glass is unknown except in
store windows and the few air-conditioned buildings.
The stores in the business section are
hardly recognizable as such to a foreigner. Most are
pretty dirty and dusty, with primitive interiors and
antiquated fixtures, if any. There are many sidewalk
"shops", peddlers, tobacco bootleggers, beggars, and
lottery ticket sellers. Prices of everything are
very high. The large central produce market is dark,
dirty and very smelly. Until recently, meat on the
hoof, and other produce was brought from far down
the lake in the native schooners, which are slow and
unequipped with refrigeration. With the recent
extension of the lake road to connect with the
Trans-Andean Highway. much of Maracaibo's food is
now trucked in and arrives in much better shape. All
meat is slaughtered at night and sold the next day
because of lack of cold storage facilities.
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LAKE MARACAIBO FROM THE LAKE ROAD
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CORNER
OF LAGUNILLAS VILLAGE WITH WHITE-ROOFED V.O.C. CAMP
IN THE BACKGROUND.
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Each Monday a drawing is held in the government
lottery. Tickets are peddled by old women and
children, and from 1/10 ticket up can he purchased.
Green grass and lawns can be found only in the
oil company camps, due to water scarcity. Beautiful
flowering trees, in season, with red, white, yellow
or purple blooms, surround some of the larger
residences. Cocoanuts, mangoes, bananas and platanos
are occasionally found growing along the streets.
The usual atmospheric temperature range is
85-90 deg. F., with personally observed extremes of
76-95 deg., although it is said that an occasional
minimum of 69 deg. has been registered during the
early spring rainy season. The humidity is always
high, with one personal observation of 80%.
Mosquitoes are scarce, but sand flies are abundant.
The people are typical of any tropical
Latin-American season port. Upper class Venezuelans
are Spanish or perhaps Spanish-Indian, with an
occasional admixture of German, Dutch, or English
blood. With the peons---the great mass of the
population there is no color line. They vary from
plenty black through brown to the lighter
Spanish-Indian. Some oriental mixture is observed.
There are many West-Indian negroes. It is not
uncommon to see a very blonde baby or child in a
much darker family. The typical Venezuelan peon is
small of stature, small-boned, under-nourished due
to the preponderance of starchy rice and platanos in
his diet, and with little resistance to disease. Few
are legally married, due to the high cost of the
Catholic religious ceremony, and illegality of
births is apparently no stigma. Few can read or
write, although the school system is being expanded.
Crossing the lake from Maracaibo via modern
passenger and automobile ferry, and driving south
along the lake road through the oil fields, the
country and climate change rapidly. Desert-like
country gives way to rank jungle, which becomes very
dense before Tia Juana is reached. Obviously the
rain fall is much heavier here. A single oiled road,
built and maintained by the oil companies, runs
south from the ferry terminal at Palmarejo through
the oil fields which line the eastern side of the
lake and lots recently been extended further south
to connect with the Trans-Andean Highway at Mototan.
Venezuelan Oil Concessions (Shell), Lago Petroleum
(S.0. of N.J.), and Mene Grande (Gulf) oil
companies, are all represented in Cabimas, Tia Juana
and Lagunillas fields. The many wells on dry land
are exclusively Shell, with mene Grande's in the
water, within 1000 meters of shore, and Lago's
starting 1000 meters out and continuing into the
lake to the present drilling limit of five miles. At
this distance from shore the water depth is some 60
feet, making drilling operations more difficult,
although the best wells are those farthest out.
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Each oil company has established a
well-equipped camp in each field for its white
employes, and in addition one or more camps for
native laborers. Complete recreational facilities
are provided in all camps. Most of the food used by
the white employees is imported from the U. S., and
is expensive. It costs about $1.50 per meal per
person to feed the men in a company mess hall.
Each company has its own large steam power
plant with transmission and distribution systems,
and all three systems are interconnected. V.O.C.
generates 2300 V., 60 cycles, transmits at 33 KV.,
and distributes at 6900 V. with 440V. secondaries,
except for a few large 2300-V. drainage pump motors.
Most pumping wells are electrically driven, with
conversion of older wells from gas engine to
electric drive being carried on continually.
With the exception of the town of Cabimas,
which is large enough to show a few urban
characteristics, all lake shore villages are small
and very primitive. Most originated as fishing
villages built on piling over shallow water, with
houses connected by plank walks; but many have since
spread to the shore.
OLD PIRATE BASE
The ancient village of pueblo Viejo was
reputedly used as a repair base for his Caribbean
operations by Sir Henry Morgan, the English pirate,
and has changed little since.
A few small farms have been hewn out of the
jungle, their produce being principally corn, beans,
and goats. The occasional tiny village in the
back-back-country jungle has bamboo-walled thatched
huts. The only domestic water supply is from roof
drainage. The residents of these jungle villages do
practically no farming besides rasing a little corn.
They pick platanos and fruit in the jungle, keep a
few chickens, a pig or two, and perhaps a cow. They
shoot small deer in the jungle, hunting at night
with spotlights and shotguns, and occasionally get a
wild pig. Some of the ancient muzzle-loading
long-barreled rifles seen now and then are curious
affairs, but the importation of both rifles and
small arms has been prohibited for years.
The jungle in many places is impenetrable
without a machete. The writer discovered that a
bamboo thicket, with its inumerable thorns, is
extremely dangerous and can cut a man to ribbons.
Ants and mosquitoes, of course, are plentiful.
Poisonous and constrictor snakes are numerous hut
seldom seen. Quiet and apparently lifeless by day,
with few birds evident, the jungle wakes up at dusk.
Bands of howler and spider monkeys in the trees, and
flocks of screaming
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parrots overhead provide plenty of noise. The jaguar
makes good hunting, and the colorful iguana is much
prized for its succulent meat. To a person
accustomed to driving a car in the U.S., automobile
operation on the lake road appears extremely
hazardous. The national speed limit is 45 kilometers
per hour - 28.5 miles - and for good reason. It is
not only necessary to dodge peons. naked children,
pigs, burros, chickens and cattle (the many goats
are too smart to get hit), but the average native
driver holds the middle of the road until forced to
move over. And he is likely to suddenly stop
anywhere at any time without warning. A large number
of native-owned cars have their front wheels toed in
at the top. This is apparently king-pin wear, since
their owners never give them any attention beyond
gas, oil and water, so long as they will run.
A driver's license costs $50.00, but is good
for life. In addition to this document, the foreign
driver must have in his possession his passport,
vaccination, health and good conduct certificates, a
statement certifying that he is not a political
agitator, his identification cedula with photographs
and fingerprints, and his bill of sale if the car is
privately owned.
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION
There are a number of oil fields in western
Venezuela, on and near the lake. Two small
Shell-owned fields, Concepción and La Paz, are some
ten to fifteen miles west of Maracaibo; each with
less than 50 wells producing relatively small
amounts of high-gravity oil. Production is pumped to
Maracaibo for shipment. A small amount of production
is also obtained at Casigua, some 45 miles N.W. of
Maracaibo.
The important fields, however, are all
located along the eastern lake shore south of
Maracaibo. Cabimas has probably 500 wells ranging
from 1400 to 3000 feet in depth, producing crude of
from 16 to 26 A.P.I. gravity in quantities which
would probably average less than 50 barrels per well
per day, since this is the eldest field in the
region. Many of the dry-land wells are on jacklines
operated from central pumping powers. In June of
1939. when these and the following figures were
obtained, Shell in this field had 254 wells pumping,
63 on gas lift, and 40 flowing. No figures for the
other operators are available.
Tia Juana, south of Cabimas, produces 13
gravity oil, almost exclusively by pumping, from
2400 to 2700 ft. Lagunillas, the largest field on
the lake, is only a short distance south of Tia
Juana, and the production figures of both these
fields are lumped
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together.Lagunillas wells are from 2000 to 4000 ft.
deep and produce sizeable amounts of crude averaging
16 gravity. Almost all wells come in flowing 400 to
1000 barrels, and some will continue this flow for
several years. Shell had 538 producers in the two
fields; 215 flowing, 3 on gas lift, and 320 pumping.
The present figure is between 750 and 800
producers, with several drilling strings operating
continuously. Total wells for all operators in both
fields is close to 1500, with an average potential
production per well of some 150 barrels a day.
Lago Petroleum Co., Mene Grande Oil Co., and
V.O.C. (Shell) are all represented in each of the
foregoing fields, with Shell operating entirely on
land and the other two companies dividing the
seagoing territory. Shell digs its wells and puts
them on production within a week's time; while the
other operators, drilling in the lake from barges,
require somewhat longer.
Mene Grande field, also exclusively Shell,
is some 20 miles east of the lake shore. It had a
total of 122 wells bottomed at from 1700 to 5000 ft.
and produced crude ranging from 16 to 29 gravity. 51
wells were flowing, 19 on gas lift, and 52 pumping.
Mene Grande crude is pumped to San Lorenzo,
on the lake shore, where the Shell has its single
Venezuelan refinery, and some of it is refined to
obtain a very vile grade of gasoline for local
distribution. Apparently they never heard of octane,
and only one grade is sold. The remaining crude is
carried by tanker to the immense refinery at Curaçao-second
largest in the world.
Each operating company in each of the other
fields has its own loading dock where its fleet of
shallow-draft lake tankers are loaded. Lago's goes
to their largest-in-the-world refinery on the Dutch
island of Aruba, while Mene Grande's oil is
transferred to ocean-going tankers at a terminal on
the Gulf of Venezuela and carried to their Port
Arthur, Texas, refinery, from which most is
re-shipped for export.
For almost a year, due to the lack of
sufficient convoyed tankers to carry refined
products from Curaçao and Aruba to Europe, the lake
fields have been at least 25% shut in.
Eastern Venezuela has relatively small
established producing fields at Caripito and
Quiriquire, with others in process of development.
Companies
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NATIVE PIER VILLAGE OF LAGUNILLAS, NEAR V.O.C. CAMP,
BURNING, NOVERMBER 13, 1939.
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LAGUNILLAS VILLAGE THE MORNING AFTER THE FIRE.
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BACHELOR BUNK HOUSE, V.O.C. CAMP, LAGUNILLAS, ONE
ROOM DEEP, EIGHT ROOMS LONG, BUILT ON DRAINED SWAMP.
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NATIVE
HOUSES IN TINY JUNGLE VILLAGE OF PICA PICA; IN
JUNGLE 25 MILES FROM LAGUNILLAS..
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represented there are Standard of N.J.,
Socony-Vacuum, Mene Grande Oil, and The Texas Co.
The great savannah country of the Orinoco basin has
been more or less covered by geophysical crews, but
a great deal of exploratory work has been postponed
until after the cessation of European hostilities.
HIGH COST OF OPERATIONS
In general, oil operations in Venezuela are
carried out only with difficulty. Cheapest oil field
labor is 12 Bolivares ($4.00) per day, and 1000
Bolivares per month ($330.00) is not uncommon for
native foremen, if they canread and write. National
law requires that 90 per cent field labor and 75 per
cent office help be native, regardless of its
efficiency. The companies must provide housing,
medical attention, transportation and profit-sharing
for all employes. The law also prohibits firing a
man, even for cause, without 60 days' severance pay.
Native drillers and crews are used, with
American toolpushers, each of whom looks after three
rigs, and has his hands full continually.
Machinery for drilling and production is
admitted duty-free; but any imported material
competing with the few products in the country is
heavily taxed. There is a tiny nail factory in
Caracas which cannot begin to supply the oil
companies' requirements; but imported nails carry a
high duty. Although a certain amount is cut locally,
lumber is high because of transportation
difficulties. An imported rig floor plank 3 in. by
12 in. by 24 ft. long costs about $2150 laid down in
Maracaibo. Obviously there are no wooden derricks.
The foreign (white) staff employes of the
Lago and Mene Grande Companies are largely American,
but there are very few of the latter in the Shell
camps, perhaps half a dozen in Maracaibo, and a
dozen at Lagunillas. The majority are English and
Dutch, but 21 different nationalities were
represented at Lagunillas.
The company camps provide good
accommodations and a bachelor with subsistence
furnished doesn't do too badly. But it costs a
married couple with no children the equivalent of
some $300 per month for overhead - if they don't do
much entertaining.
Since the lake shore road and the
Trans-Andean Highway are the only Venezuelan roads
of any consequence, it is virtually impossible to go
any place by car. Planes are much in use for getting
from one section of the country to another.
R. W. "PARKY" PARKINSON, '13, is Chief
Engineer for Caribbean Petroleum, with his office at
Maracaibo, and has been in the country some 26
years. During my stay there I saw him every couple
of weeks, and he was of much assistance in helping
me to meet and work with the various European staff
members.
At a dance in Maracaibo one Saturday night I ran
into Bob McRAE, '35, who was just in from a
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several months' stretch of surveying concession
boundaries in the southeastern corner of the
country, which is Motolone Indian territory. He was
the only white man with a crew of a dozen or so
natives, and was expecting a recurrence of a bad
attack of malaria, which was why he had come to"town."
After hanging around Maracaibo for two or three
weeks, the attack failed to materialize, so he went
back into the bush. Bob attended last year's Seminar
session and announced that he had "gone native" to
the extent of leaving Shell and acquiring a ranch
near the Andes mountains southeast of Lake
Maracaibo. He expects to do very well for himself,
raising produce for Maracaibo consumption.
MISCELLANEOUS SIDELIGHTS
Because of the bugs, a spray gun is standard
equipment in every bedroom in company camps. Most
Venzuelans sleep under netting, since window screens
are lacking. Due to the high humidity, it is
necessary to burn a 100-watt lamp in each clothes
closet to prevent the rapid growth of green hair on
shoes, leather luggage and wool clothes. Before
leaving the States, the writer was warned that a hat
and sun glasses were absolutely essential. He used
neither, although a hat would undoubtedly be of use
during a hard rainy season. Because of the higher
concentration of actinic rays in the tropics, an
exposure meter is a useful accessory for
picture-making. The light fools one.
A “sack of beer” is not a few bottles in a
paper bag. The standard shipping package is 60
bottles, each in a straw cone, sewn into heavy jute
sacking to make a rectangular package. These sacks
are tossed on and off boat and trucks, and are
carried through the mountains on burro-back with few
bottles ever broken. Retail, beer is 30¢ per bottle
and cannot be purchased cold except in the larger
towns or in company camps.
Although of higher alcoholic content than
our beer, the Maracaibo beer isn't bad. The Caracas
beer, however, from the capital city, is terrible.
Apparently they don't believe in aging it.
Bourbon whiskey is unknown. The much-touted
“cheap imported Scotch,” of which I heard in the
States, was also non-existent. It costs as much as
$12.00 per fifth last December. The only cheap drink
is native white rum, plenty powerful, and aged
perhaps a couple of weeks. $1.50 per quart.
White Owl cigars are 50¢ each. Native
cigars, not bad, are 2¢ each and up. Native
cigarettes (“firecrackers” to us) are 15¢ for 15. U.
S. cigarettes are 75¢ per pack tax-stamped and 50¢
from bootleggers. There is no Venezuelan-made pipe
tobacco. I tired of paying 80¢ per small tin of P.
A., much of it mildewed, and had a pound of my
favorite smoking mailed from the States. The import
duty was almost $9.00, and thenceforth P. A. was
good enough. No trouble is experienced with tobacco
drying out, but quite the opposite. One can tie a
knot in a cigar any time.
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December, 1940
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Alumni Review
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